1. The Reverse Broke Mac Os Catalina
2. The Reverse Broke Mac Os 11

For Mac computers, the Safari web browser is installed and updated as part of macOS. For PCs, Safari updates are no longer available. NOTE: If your Mac came with macOS Catalina, you can restart your Mac while holding down Shift-Option-Command-R to enter Internet Recovery Mode and install the operating system that came with your Mac. Otherwise, follow the steps below to install Catalina back on your Mac. Connect your Mac to the internet via Wi-Fi or Ethernet. Here's our guide recovering data from a damaged hard disk, including how to recover data from an external drive, what are the best drive recovery sevices and the best data recovey software,. I will break this down between each OS. Let me know if you would like this broken out into separate bug reports. Image and HTML reverse-landscape is broken. I went as far back as 2.0.1 and I could not get reverse-landscape to work on macOS for Image and HTML printing. The orientation remains landscape. PDF reverse-landscape is broken. Shut down your Mac. (Apple menu Shut Down.) Hold down the Command and R keys down and press the Power button. Keep holding Command and R until the Apple logo appears on the screen.

In classic Mac OSSystem 7 and later, and in macOS, an alias is a small file that represents another object in a local, remote, or removable^[1]file system and provides a dynamic link to it; the target object may be moved or renamed, and the alias will still link to it (unless the original file is recreated; such an alias is ambiguous and how it is resolved depends on the version of macOS). In Windows, a 'shortcut', a file with a .lnk extension, performs a similar function.

It is similar to the Unixsymbolic link, but with the distinction of working even if the target file moves to another location on the same disk (in this case it acts like a hard link, but the source and target of the link may be on different filesystems, and the target of the link may be a directory). As a descendant of BSD, macOS supports Unix symbolic (and hard) links as well.

Function[edit]

An alias acts as a stand-in for any object in the file system, such as a document, an application, a folder, a hard disk, a network share or removable medium or a printer. When double-clicked, the computer will act the same way as if the original file had been double-clicked. Likewise, choosing an alias file from within a 'File Open' dialog box would open the original file. The purpose of an alias is to assist the user in managing large numbers of files by providing alternative ways to access them without having to copy the files themselves. While a typical alias under the classic Mac OS was small, between 1 and 5 KB, under macOS it can be fairly large, more than 5 MB (5000 KB) for the alias to a folder.

Preventing alias failure[edit]

An alias is a dynamic reference to an object. The original may be moved to another place within the same filesystem, without breaking the link. The operating system stores several pieces of information about the original in the resource fork of the alias file. Examples of the information used to locate the original are:

• path
• file ID (inode number)
• directory ID (inode number)
• name
• file size

Since any of these properties can change without the computer's knowledge, as a result of user activity, various search algorithms are used to find the most plausible target. This fault-tolerance sets the alias apart from similar functions in some other operating systems, such as the Unixsymbolic link or the Microsoft Windowsshortcut, at the expense of increased complexity and unpredictability. For example, an application can be moved from one directory to another within the same filesystem, but an existing alias would still launch the same application when double-clicked.

The question can arise of how an alias should work if a file is moved, and then a file is created with the same name as the original moved file, since the alias can be used to locate both the original name and the new location of the original file. With symbolic links the reference is unambiguous (soft links refer to the new file, hard links to the original). Before Mac OS X 10.2, however, such an ambiguous alias would consistently find the original moved file, rather than the recreated file. In Mac OS X 10.2 and later releases, the new file is found, matching the behaviour of symbolic links [1]. macOS applications can programmatically use the old behavior if required.

Aliases are similar in operation to shadows in the graphical Workplace Shell of the OS/2 operating system.

Distinguishing marks[edit]

In System 7 through Mac OS 9, aliases distinguished themselves visually to the user by the fact that their file names were in italics. To accommodate languages that don't have italics (such as Japanese), in Mac OS 8.5 another distinguishing mark was added, badging with an 'alias arrow'—a black arrow with a small white border—similar to that used for shortcuts in Microsoft Windows.

In macOS, the filenames of aliases are not italicized, but the arrow badge remains.

File structure[edit]

The alias files in macOS start by the magic number62 6F 6F 6B 00 00 00 00 6D 61 72 6B 00 00 00 00 which is in ASCIIbook␀␀␀␀mark␀␀␀␀ (␀ representing the Null character).

Following the magic number, it has been reported that an alias has a set of records inside it, each record is 150 bytes long and consists of the fields shown below (all integers are big endian).^[2] However, alias files are far larger than this would explain, and include other information at least including icons.^[3][4]

1. 4 bytes user type name/app creator code = long ASCII text string (none = 0)
2. 2 bytes record size = short unsigned total length
3. 2 bytes record version = short integer version (current version = 2)
4. 2 bytes alias kind = short integer value (file = 0; directory = 1)
5. 1 byte volume name string length = byte unsigned length
6. 27 bytes volume name string (if volume name string < 27 chars then pad with zeros)
7. 4 bytes volume created mac date = long unsigned value in seconds since beginning 1904 to 2040
8. 2 bytes volume signature = short unsigned HFS value
9. 2 bytes volume type = short integer mac os value (types are Fixed HD = 0; Network Disk = 1; 400kB FD = 2;800kB FD = 3; 1.4MB FD = 4; Other Ejectable Media = 5 )
10. 4 bytes parent directory id = long unsigned HFS value
11. 1 bytes file name string length = byte unsigned length
12. 63 bytes file name string (if file name string < 63 chars then pad with zeros)
13. 4 bytes file number = long unsigned HFS value
14. 4 bytes file created mac date = long unsigned value in seconds since beginning 1904 to 2040
15. 4 bytes file type name = long ASCII text string
16. 4 bytes file creator name = long ASCII text string
17. 2 bytes nlvl From (directories from alias thru to root) = short integer range
18. 2 bytes nlvl To (directories from root thru to source) = short integer range (if alias on different volume then set above to -1)
19. 4 bytes volume attributes = long hex flags
20. 2 bytes volume file system id = short integer HFS value
21. 10 bytes reserved = 80-bit value set to zero
22. 4+ bytes optional extra data strings = short integer type + short unsigned string length (types are Extended Info End = -1; Directory Name = 0; Directory IDs = 1; Absolute Path = 2; AppleShare Zone Name = 3; AppleShare Server Name = 4; AppleShare User Name = 5; Driver Name = 6; Revised AppleShare info = 9; AppleRemoteAccess dialup info = 10)
23. string data = hex dump
24. odd lengths have a 1 byte odd string length pad = byte value set to zero

Alias record structure outside of size length[edit]

The following is for use with the Apple's Alias Resource Manager.

The Reverse Broke Mac Os Catalina

1. 4 bytes resource type name = long ASCII text string
2. 2 bytes resource ID = short integer value
3. 2 bytes resource end pad = short value set to zero

Java code to flag an alias file

There is a github repo with working C++ code here.

Managing aliases[edit]

User interface[edit]

In System 7, the only way to create an alias was to select the original and choose 'Make Alias' from the 'File' menu. An alias, with the same name and ' alias' appended would then be created in the same folder. In later versions, it became possible to create aliases by drag-and-drop, while holding down the command and option modifier keys.

Mac OS 8.5 added a feature for re-connecting aliases that had been broken for one reason or another (when the simple search algorithms failed to find a reliable replacement). This was done by selecting a new target through the standard Open File dialog.

In Mac OS 8.5 options were added for command-optiondragging an object in the Finder to create an alias at that location. This is where the alias cursor was added to the system. The cursor mirrors the appearance of the 'create shortcut' cursor on Windows systems.

The Reverse Broke Mac Os 11

Programming API[edit]

The Alias Manager API is part of Carbon. It is unknown whether it was present in Mac OS Classic.^[5]

Mac OS X 10.6 introduced some alias-related APIs to Cocoa, as a part of NSURL.^[6]

Relation to BSD symbolic and hard links[edit]

Unix and similar operating systems provide 2 features very similar to macOS aliases: symbolic links and hard links. When using the macOS Finder, links are displayed and treated largely like macOS aliases, and even carry an identical 'Kind' attribute. However, when using the shell command line, macOS aliases are not recognized: for example, you cannot use the cd command with the name of an alias file. This is because an alias is implemented as a file on the disk that must be interpreted by an API while links are implemented within the filesystem and are thus functional at any level of the OS.

There is currently no pre-installed command to resolve an alias to the path of the file or directory it refers to. However, a freely available C program makes use of the Mac Carbon APIs to perform this task.^[7] Given that, commands such as cd can be set up to check for aliases and treat them just like symbolic or hard links.

References[edit]

1. ^Files: Chapter 4 - Alias Manager; Search Strategies — Inside Macintosh developer documentation
2. ^Some information about MacOS aliases collected from the web. (reverse engineering effort)
3. ^Forum discussion of the large size of aliases.
4. ^'Further details, including changes with various Mac OS versions'. Archived from the original on 2013-04-30. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
5. ^'Alias Manager'. Apple Developer Documentation.
6. ^https://github.com/nathanday/ndalias/issues/3
7. ^Davis, Thos. 'getTrueName.c'. Mac OS X Hints. IDG. Retrieved 24 October 2016.

External links[edit]

• System 7 aliases — Article about System 7 aliases, from 1992

What is Mac OS X 10.0?

Mac OS X is Apple's new operating system. I've said it before and I'll say it again: the 'X' is pronounced 'ten', like the roman number, not 'ex' like the letter. Don't make me come over there.

Mac OS X was released on March 24th, 2001, with a suggested retail price of $129 and a version number of 10.0. Don't let the version number confuse you; this is the first official release of Apple's new OS. It was preceded by many developer releases and one public beta release.

To say that Mac OS X has been eagerly awaited by Mac users is an understatement. Apple has been trying to produce a successor to the classic Mac OS operating system for almost 15 years. It's a tragicomic litany of code names: Pink, Taligent, Copland, Rhapsody. In the early days (the Pink project was launched in 1987), Mac users paid little attention to these efforts, confident that their current OS was the most advanced in the personal computer market. But as the years passed and competing operating systems evolved, both by adopting Mac-like GUIs and by advancing their core OS features, Mac users--as well as Apple itself--became skittish.

By 1995, Windows had confined Apple's OS to a small corner of the market. Perhaps Windows 95 wasn't 'insanely great', but the market had declared that it was 'good enough.' Meanwhile, Microsoft quietly continued its own long-running project to radically revise its core operating system technologies: Windows NT (which eventually gave birth to Windows 2000, and soon, Windows XP).

By the time Apple's penultimate next generation OS project, Copland, was mercifully killed in 1996, the situation was dire. Mac users had suffered too many broken promises, and Apple had stumbled down too many blind alleys. By all rights, Copland should have been Apple's last chance. But the acquisition of NeXT and the second coming of Steve Jobs gave Apple one final window of opportunity.

Despite the (comparatively) minor market requirements hiccup of the Rhapsody strategy, the Mac OS X project proceeded with what can only be described as single-minded determination, from its official announcement in May of 1998 to its first release in March of 2001. Dates were missed, features were added and removed, but unlike all earlier efforts, this one produced a shipping product.

And yet the success of Mac OS X is still an open question. Unlike the relatively controlled public image of the Copland project, Mac OS X has endured the increased scrutiny of the Internet age. While Mac users from 1994 to 1996 were treated to optimistic articles and future-world mock-ups in enthusiast publications like Macworld and MacUser magazine, Mac OS X has been analyzed by amuchwideraudience.

Here at Ars Technica, we've been following Mac OS X since its second developer release. It may seem strange to have seven articles dedicated to a product before the first official release, but the journey of Mac OS X has certainly been an interesting one.

This article will cover Mac OS X 10.0, but it will build on everything that was discussed in the earlier articles. If you haven't already read them (or similar articles elsewhere), you may have some difficulty following along. The list of earlier OS X articles appears below in reverse-chronological order. The most relevant are the two most recent: the Public Beta article and the relevant section of my recent Macworld San Francisco coverage.

• MWSF: Mac OS X Post-Beta 1/17/2001
• Mac OS X Public Beta 10/03/2000
• Mac OS X Q & A 6/20/2000
• Mac OS X DP4 5/24/2000
• Mac OS X DP3: Trial by Water 2/28/2000
• Mac OS X Update: Quartz & Aqua 1/17/2000
• Mac OS X DP2: A Preview 12/14/1999

Let's begin...