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Greed combined with guns to make the Eastern Shore a rough-and-tumble place. Poaching was common and more than a few men died violently in the headlong rush to make money. The author of The Oyster Wars of Chesapeake Bay and a lecturer for the Maryland Humanities Council’s Speakers Bureau, Wennersten recently regaled the Culinary Historians of Washington, D.C., with oyster tales. Three Dozen Wellfleet Oysters. Raw, smoked, fried or grilled. The distinct taste of the Wellfleet Oyster can complement most any dish - or simply stand alone. 36 hand-selected pieces of perfection per order. Real news, curated by real humans. Packed with the trends, news & links you need to be smart, informed, and ahead of the curve.

The Oyster Wars were a series of sometimes violent disputes between oyster pirates and authorities and legal watermen from Maryland and Virginia in the waters of the Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac River from 1865^[1] until about 1959.

Oyster Wars Mac Os Catalina

Background[edit]

In 1830, the Maryland General Assembly passed legislation which authorized only state residents to harvest oysters in its waters.^[2] Maryland outlawed dredging, while Virginia continued to allow it until 1879.^[3] In 1865, the Maryland General Assembly passed a law that required annual permits for oyster harvesting^[2] and this has been described as the start of the Oyster Wars.^[1]

Clashes[edit]

After the Civil War, the oyster harvesting industry exploded. In the 1880s, the Chesapeake Bay was the source of almost half of the world's supply of oysters.^[4] New England fishermen encroached on the Bay after their local oyster beds had been exhausted, which prompted violent clashes with local fishermen from Maryland and Virginia.^[4] Watermen from different counties likewise clashed.^[4]

Government responses[edit]

Maryland[edit]

In 1868, Maryland founded the Maryland Oyster Police Force, nicknamed the Oyster Navy, which was the predecessor of the modern Maryland Natural Resources Police. It was headed by Naval Academy graduate Hunter Davidson and was responsible for enforcing the state's oyster-harvesting laws, but it was an inadequate force to compete with the more heavily armed watermen.^[4][5]

Virginia[edit]

Virginia made its own attempts to fight illegal oystering. In the 1870s, Virginia imposed license fees, seasonal limits, and other measures to prevent over harvesting and preserve the oyster population.^[6] However, the cash-strapped commonwealth had limited enforcement capabilities—especially after it sold its three-vessel maritime police fleet at auction.^[7] After violence broke out between oyster tongers, individual small boat oystermen using hand held tongs to collect oysters,^[8] and more affluent oyster dredgers, Virginia banned oyster dredging in 1879.^[9]

When armed and organized dredgers, many from Maryland,^[9] violated the ban, Virginia Governor William E. Cameron found an opportunity to boost his popularity by taking on the pirates.^[7] Cameron personally led an expedition against the illegal dredgers. On February 17, 1882, Cameron's force, consisting of the tugboatVictoria J. Peed and the freighter Louisa, engaged pirates at the mouth of the Rappahannock River.^[10] The governor's raid resulted in the successful convictions of 41 dredgers and the forfeiture of seven boats.^[11] The raid represented the high point of the governor's term.^[12]

When Cameron's popularity sank and dredgers returned to the bay, the governor undertook a second expedition. Cameron once again used the Peed but the steamer Pamlico became his flagship.^[13] Cameron's second expedition was not very successful. Captured dredgers were acquitted or escaped indictment in court.^[14] The opposition press also mocked the governor for failing to capture the Dancing Molly,^[15] a sloop run by three women who managed to outrun the governor's ships.^[14] The Norfolk Academy of Music lampooned the governor's expedition in an April 1883 comic opera, Driven from the Seas: or, The Pirate Dredger's Doom.^[16] In 1884, Cameron established the 'Board on the Chesapeake and its Tributaries,' which led to improved law enforcement and better fishery management.^[17]

In 1959, the Potomac River Fisheries Commissioner H. C. Byrd ordered the fisheries police disarmed after an officer killed a Virginia waterman who was illegally dredging. The move was credited with bringing an end to the violent conflicts.^[18]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abWhite, Christopher (2009). Skipjack: The Story of America's Last Sailing Oystermen. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 240. ISBN978-0-312-54532-1. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
2. ^ ^ab'Oyster Wars'. Baltimore Sun. Retrieved October 13, 2010.
3. ^'Reshaping Virginia (1877 to 1901)'. Virginia Memory. Library of Virginia. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
4. ^ ^abcdKimmel, Ross M. (Winter 2008). 'Oyster Wars: The Historic Fight For the Bay's Riches'(PDF). The Maryland Natural Resource. Maryland Department of Natural Resources: 4–6. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
5. ^'An Evolving Force: Natural Resources Police Celebrates 150th Anniversary'. Maryland Department of Natural Resources. March 30, 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
6. ^Moore, James Tice (July 1982). 'Gunfire on the Chesapeake: Governor Cameron and the Oyster Pirates, 1882–1885'. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 90 (3): 367–377. JSTOR4248570.
7. ^ ^abMoore, pp. 367–368.
8. ^Botwick, Bradford; McClane, Debra A. (2005). 'Landscapes of Resistance: A View of the Nineteenth-Century Chesapeake Bay Oyster Fishery'. Historical Archaeology. Springer. 39 (3): 94–112. doi:10.1007/BF03376696. JSTOR25617272.
9. ^ ^abMoore, p. 368.
10. ^Moore, p. 369.
11. ^Moore, p. 370.
12. ^Moore, p. 371.
13. ^Moore, p. 372.
14. ^ ^abMoore, p. 373.
15. ^Moore, p. 374.
16. ^Moore, p. 375.
17. ^Moore, p. 376.
18. ^Keiner, Christine (2009). The Oyster Question: Scientists, Watermen, and the Maryland Chesapeake Bay Since 1880. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. pp. 174–175. ISBN978-0-8203-2698-6. Retrieved March 15, 2011.

Further reading[edit]

• Wennersten, John R. (1981). The Oyster Wars of Chesapeake Bay. Centreville, Maryland: Tidewater Publishers. ISBN0-87033-263-5. OCLC7551367. (Republished: Wennersten, John R. (2007). The Oyster Wars of Chesapeake Bay (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Eastern Branch Press. ISBN978-0-615-18250-6. OCLC471798328.)

External links[edit]

Media related to Oyster Wars at Wikimedia Commons

THE Environment

The Growing Environment

Our farm is located in Baynes Sound between Denman Island and Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Baynes Sound supports some of the most productive clam and oyster beaches in Canada and it is from this area where the majority of all commercial harvesting occurs on the Pacific Coast.

Human and oyster health are at the top of the list in our farming process. All of Mac’s farming areas are regularly monitored for water quality, environmental, animal and human health by government agencies, and by us using a third party lab. We monitor our areas daily, weekly and monthly depending on the issue we are monitoring for. Mac’s farm leases are located away from sources of pollution and a significant portion of them are in wilderness locations.

Shellfish Aquaculture

Oyster and clam cultivation, known as bivalve shellfish aquaculture is a low impact, low input endeavor. The farmer is providing a place for his shellfish crop to grow naturally, and will move and handle it, bag or tray it, and suspend or beach it to help maximize the bivalve’s growth.

Shellfish farming is remarkable in many ways. Unlike many methods of food production, it is truly harmonious with nature. The farmer provides no input – no feed, no medicine, no additives- the shellfish filters food from the ocean. The farmer monitors the water quality and the density of the crop. Oysters are constantly feeding and growing so they need space. We can say with certainty that it is truly a sustainable endeavor, as we have been harvesting for generations.

Farm sites are called ‘leases’ because they are leased from the Federal Government to Mac’s, or our network of supporting farmers. The main distinction between farmed or wild shellfish is the beach tenure, whether it is leased or not. An oyster farm can be made up of one lease or many. The farmer pays yearly fees to secure the lease and is required to invest a certain amount of effort and resources annually to cultivate the approved species.

Manila clams grow in sandy beaches at depths of 6 to 12 inches. Sometimes the beaches are seeded by the farmer, which are purchased from clam hatcheries. But often the natural setting is more than ample. When the tide is low, people go out to dig clams. All our clams are hand dug with a shovel and bucket. Then put in nets that are stored on the ocean bed. Clams are brought in from the ocean floor into the plant the day we pack and ship clams to you.

Mac’s packs and sells both wild and farmed shellfish from distinct areas spread out over several hundred square kilometers. Many have their own distinct geography and environment.

The brand names we use depend on which areas of water or shoreline the oyster or clam is harvested from.

Each case of oysters or clams that you buy will have a shellfish tag with an Area Number printed on it. Each number identifies with the oyster or clam harvest location.

Oyster Wars Mac Os 11

AREA 13: DISCOVERY PASSAGE AND ISLANDS

Mac’s Oyster Brand Name:
Mac’s Beach, Cortes Coves, Mac’s Petits

Mac’s Clams:
Manila, Littlenecks, Butter Clams

Discovery Passage is a channel that forms part of the Inside Passage between Vancouver Island and the Discovery Islands, north of the Georgia Strait. It is 25 km (44 miles) in length and is typically about 2 km (1.2 miles) in width. Most of the islands in this region have very few residents and the primary attraction to visitors is salmon fishing and the numerous fishing lodges.

Only Quadra Island and Cortes Island have ferry services and the remainder are served by private boat or float planes.

Source www.wikipedia.com

See Fisheries Management Areas listed under Area 13.

Download Google Earth link to Discovery Passage.

“Farm-Gate” Pricing and Quality for our Clients – Importers, Wholesalers, Distributors World Wide.

AREA 14: BAYNES SOUND

Mac’s Oyster Brand Name:
Buckley Bay, Ship Point, Deep Bay, Metcalfe’s, Denman Island, Mac’s Beach, Mac’s Petits

Mac’s Clams:
Manila, Savoury, littlenecks

Baynes Sound is a stretch of water between Denman Island and Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The sound is a narrow western off-shoot of the Georgia Strait that separates Vancouver Island from the mainland of British Columbia. The area is actively harvested by the local oyster industry, and is apparent by an abundance of oyster farms. The sound is approximately 25km long and 3.5km wide at its widest point. The sound is dotted with the small communities of Royston, Union Bay, Buckley Bay, Mud Bay, Fanny Bay, and Deep Bay on Vancouver Island.

Source www.wikipedia.com

See Fisheries Management Areas listed under Area 14.

Download Google Earth link to Baynes Sound.

“Farm-Gate” Pricing and Quality for our Clients – Importers, Wholesalers, Distributors World Wide.

“I have been buying oysters from. Mac’s for about 30 years. Big ones, little ones. In the shell and shucked. Once I bought a bag of baby oysters and seeded my own beach. Mac’s oysters are FANTASTIC!! I could eat them every day. Today my wife and I feasted on a full 32-ounce bin of mediums, fried in butter. Heaven. Thank You Mac’s!!!!!“

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